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<p><strong>Online abusers use a number of tactics to intimidate journalists and try to silence them</strong>. Identifying the tactics used by trolls can help determine whether it was <strong>a coordinated or an isolated attack</strong>.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/60622c3a843036c24f5e463016d94f28/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/Bad-Actor-Troll-Mob.png" alt="" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="35%" /></p>
<p></p>
<p><strong>Naming the type of aggression or tactic makes it easier for journalists to find</strong> online <strong>resources</strong> or to get <strong>help</strong> from established groups of colleagues.</p>
<p>It can also help journalists and freedom of speech NGOs to document and register each case, and build knowledge to create broad recommendations and defense strategies that may not only help you, but also other journalists facing the same type of attacks.</p>
<p>These online attacks have serious real-life consequences for women journalists and for freedom of expression around the world.</p>
<p>In <em>Module 2</em> we will look at the type of tactics used and the harm they cause.</p>
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<p>Have you recently been targeted online? <strong>What might seem like individual attacks might be a coordinated attempt</strong> to intimidate you and stop you from doing your work.</p>
<p></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/417e1a61ae4c143352e472d59264b9d7/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/Trolls-harming_IF_v2.gif" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="60%" /></p>
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<p>Tactics for online abuse are emerging and evolving rapidly. <strong>It’s important to identify and name the tactics abusers are using to try to silence you</strong>.</p>
<p>Watch the video below to get an understanding of the strategies used and the reason abusers use them.</p>
<p></p>
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<h3 class="hd hd-2">Why Are Trolls So Mean Online?</h3>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><em>Credit: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RJR466zSUhs" target="_blank">Why Are Trolls So Mean Online?</a> by <a href="https://www.huffpost.com/topic/between-the-lines" target="[object Object]">HuffPost - Between The Lines</a></em></p>
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<p>Targets need a common language to describe what’s happening to them, to friends, colleagues, editors, and law enforcement. You will learn more about how to define these tactics in the next exercise. You may find that abusers often use a combination of tactics to silence you online.</p>
<p><strong>Below are some common tactics and their definitions</strong>. Take a minute to read them through.</p>
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<p style="color: #66cc99;"><strong><em>[In Focus: Doxxing]</em></strong></p>
<p>Doxxing is a tactic used by online abusers as a way to intimidate and threaten journalists. Personal details, including a home address, are posted online with a call to others to use that information to harass and cause harm.</p>
<p>This is a common tactic used by the far right as well as by members of certain interest groups, such as pro-life supporters. Having your home address circulated online by trolls means that an online attack has the possibility to turn into a physical threat as people now know where you live.</p>
<section style="border: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: #66cc99; padding: 1em;"><strong>Protecting against doxxing</strong>
<p>There are steps you can take to remove and limit access to your personal information on the Internet. This will help to better protect you against doxxing. Learn more about this in our course on Public and Personal Persona (coming soon).</p>
<p>For extra materials and detailed checklists, check out the New York Times’ doxxing materials and checklists in our More About section at the end of this course! </p>
</section>
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<p>Take a look at the following examples of online abuse and identify the tactic used.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/f835d3e299ee179038de42d8fde319b0/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/tweets_IF_v4_5.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="90%" /></p>
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<p>Now take a look at the exercise below and work out the intended consequences.</p>
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<p><strong>Most online abuse uses more than one tactic to attack women journalists</strong>. Abusers also intend harm by using sexist, violent and misogynistic language.</p>
<p><strong>Being able to name these tactics and their consequences gives journalists more control</strong> when it comes to speaking with others about their online abuse. The next unit looks at the consequences of this abuse and the harm it does to women journalists.</p>
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<p>Online abusers not only intend to force women offline they also look to undermine and intimidate them. This can have serious consequences for women journalists and for freedom of expression.</p>
<p><strong>Let us look at the intended harm and consequences inflicted by abusers in the next two units</strong>. One of the most serious consequences is being forced offline when women journalists are no longer able to speak about their work online both because of the abuse they receive and because their feeds fill up with comments and spam making it difficult to work.</p>
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<p><strong>Sexual harassment</strong></p>
<p>This is language related to gender and disproportionately targets women. It encompasses a wide range of behavior, from slurs and hate speech to sexually explicit descriptions of their bodies, unwelcome sexual advances, manipulated photos, and so called revenge porn.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/bf1ce9fca68651f7ccf1877613bc38b1/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/tweets_IF_v4_3.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="80%" /></p>
<p style="color: #66cc99;"><strong><em>[In Focus: Sexual harassment]</em></strong></p>
<p>What about online comments that appear to compliment a woman journalist? Comments about her body and how good she looks, is this sexual harassment? If it would not be appropriate to say in a work context then it is highly likely to be sexual harassment. Women journalists put their work online so the public can engage with their journalism, not their bodies.</p>
<p></p>
<p>Click “Next” to discover what other forms of harm are caused by online abusers.</p>
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<p><strong>Reputational damage</strong></p>
<p>Abusers often target a journalist’s professionalism by calling into doubt their integrity, ability to do their job, or their morality. The aim of this is to discredit them with their audiences and damage their careers.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/083bf3740d2e02895e588f5c230d6861/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/tweets_IF_v4_2.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="80%" /></p>
<section style="border: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: #66cc99; padding: 1em;"><strong>Mental health<br /><br /></strong>Online harassment and abuse can take its toll on your mental health. <strong>There are steps you can take to protect yourself</strong> and reduce the impact of the abuse.<br />
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Ask a colleague or friend to monitor your accounts so you do not have to be exposed to the abuse.</li>
<li>Do not engage with trolls as this can make the situation worse.</li>
<li>Speak with your editor or colleagues about the abuse and make them aware of the situation.</li>
<li>Take care of yourself by looking after your body and mind.</li>
</ul>
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<p></p>
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<p><strong>Threats of violence</strong></p>
<p>Online abusers use threats of violence to intimidate and threaten journalists. Women journalists report that death threats are often accompanied by threats of sexual violence and misogynistic language.</p>
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<p>You have now completed this section about tactics used by attackers. <strong>You should now have a deeper understanding of the tactics used to attack women journalists online</strong> and the language used to describe those attack methods.</p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/95ac335358b32a3882f9a2fbf0916bf1/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/Social-Network-Trolls.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="35%" /></p>
<p></p>
<p>We will now look at the case of a woman journalist who was targeted by a coordinated attack that aimed to harass her, intimidate her and force her offline.</p>
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