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<p><strong>There are many possible abusers in a digital attack</strong>. It is important to be able to identify them and recognize their relationship to each other and the <strong>different ways they work</strong> online to silence you.<br /><br />An online abuser is any person, institution, or group whose aim is to stop your reporting and to silence your voice. They may be using <strong>various tactics</strong> to achieve that goal. More on that in <em>Module 2</em>.<br /><br /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/3f76ea47431a7a42d5cd9281d0e75484/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/TheAbusers.gif" alt="" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="50%" /></p>
<p></p>
<p>In some cases, several online abusers share a common goal, and work together to try and force you offline. Other trolls may be working alone and are attacking you for entirely different reasons.</p>
<p>When you are being attacked online <strong>it can be difficult to tell who is targeting you</strong>. This is often because there are many different types of attackers, and they are likely to be attacking you for more than one reason. For example, they hate that you are writing about politics, but they hate it even more that you are a woman.</p>
<p><strong>Understanding who is behind the online abuse won’t stop it, but it can help</strong> you build up a picture of where the abuse is coming from. This can be useful as it helps to prepare for future trolling attacks or for presenting evidence of online attacks to the authorities.</p>
<p>In this module, we will look at the different types of abusers and how they work together to silence women journalists.</p>
<p>Meet some of the Internet’s worst offenders in the next unit! You may be familiar with many of these online abusers, others may be new to you. Click <strong>next</strong> to learn more.</p>
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<p>Take a look at the abusers below and read more about who they are and what they want. </p>
<blockquote>
<ul>
<li><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/d3fa74d87d57a645e5a5646e86f64bdb/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/Bad-Actor-Troll.png" alt="Actor-Journalist-Harassed" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="25%" hspace="20" align="right" /><strong>The Misogynist</strong> - hates women and spends a lot of time attacking them online. Wants to shut you up and force you out of the public sphere!</li>
<li><strong>The Bot</strong> - automated accounts run by machines, not real people. These are used by governments, interest groups, and others to attack you and flood your feed with abuse.</li>
<li><strong>The Racist</strong> - nasty abuser who attacks women journalists online because of their race. Also highly likely to be a misogynist.</li>
<li><strong>The Person with a Political Agenda</strong> - will attack anyone who opposes their viewpoint, including journalists covering the story.</li>
<li><strong>The Angry Man</strong> - he is angry about everything, and he directs that anger at you. Also likely to be a misogynist.</li>
<li><strong>The Trolling for Fun Troll</strong> - known as trolling for the lolz. Hangs out on the Internet looking for people to troll because he thinks it’s funny. Highly likely to also be a misogynist.</li>
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<p style="color: #66cc99;"><strong><em>[In Focus: Internet subcultures]</em></strong></p>
<p>Some of the abusers who attack you online belong to Internet subcultures. These are groups of people who meet online in chat sites and on threads to discuss a common interest.</p>
<p>Most Internet subcultures are harmless but others are not. Some of those who troll and abuse you are likely to be <strong>organized online groups who are united in their hatred of women</strong>. They launch coordinated and sustained attacks against women journalists just because they are women.</p>
<p></p>
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<p>People who target you online may not be working alone but may be part of an organized network. <strong>Below are some common categories of offenders who could be behind your online abuse</strong>. You could be attacked by a combination of those listed below. </p>
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<p><strong>Interest Groups</strong></p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/0abd96ff421abb1d90460733b2565175/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/gender-based-violence.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="15%" hspace="20" align="left" />These are groups of people whose <strong>aim is to influence public opinion</strong>, policies or push their own agenda on the basis of a particular common interest or concern. Some examples include anti-abortion, anti-immigration, anti-LGBTQI+, and supporters of political parties.</p>
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<p><strong>Government</strong></p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/47918f048fefefd05784c7e219aca25c/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/Government-Authorities.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="15%" hspace="20" align="right" /><strong>A federal, state or local entity</strong> in a position to use social media and other means to attack a journalist. This could include political figures running for office. These attacks may be connected to a story about or investigation of government corruption or complaints against a government policy or official.<strong> <br /></strong></p>
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<p><strong>Organized Crime</strong></p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/0b7a4d7a99c0436a2bf765538c613be5/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/organized-crime.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="15%" hspace="20" align="left" />Non-state actor(s) dedicated to carrying out illicit activities <strong>at an international, national or local level</strong>. A journalist may be attacked for investigating or reporting on these illicit activities. This may be in the form of intimidation or a direct threat via social media platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook messenger.</p>
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<p><strong>Private Sector</strong></p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/5c6507d3af6a837d3b8fc33576d67df9/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/private-sector.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="15%" hspace="20" align="right" /><strong>A private corporate entity</strong> operating at an international, national or local level. A journalist may be attacked for investigating business practices or activities, which may harm the entity’s bottom line and/or public image.</p>
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<p><strong>Opportunists</strong></p>
<p><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/d3fa74d87d57a645e5a5646e86f64bdb/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/Bad-Actor-Troll.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="15%" hspace="20" align="left" />Anyone who takes advantage of an online attack and contributes to the abusive activities of others. This includes <strong>people who troll</strong> for fun and members of online subcultures.</p>
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<p style="color: #66cc99;"><strong><em>[In Focus: Internet subcultures]</em></strong></p>
<p>Interest groups can be very abusive and threatening online. The more extreme people’s views, the more likely it is you will be attacked online for your work. Common interest groups that harass journalists online include far-right and far-left supporters, people with extreme religious views, cults, people who believe in conspiracy theories, extreme animal-rights activists, and more! These groups can be well organized and attack in a mob.</p>
<p>These groups attack both men and women journalists, but <strong>the comments directed at women are also misogynistic and sexist</strong>. There are groups dedicated to attacking just women online, for example, <strong>incel groups</strong>. These are men who are unable to have a relationship with a woman despite desiring to have one. They organize in chats and online groups and plan coordinated online attacks on women. Other groups that attack journalists online include troll armies, people paid by others, such as a government, to harass and threaten and force you offline. There are public relations firms paid by others to damage your reputation online. There are also people who troll for fun and take pleasure in attacking others on the Internet.</p>
<p></p>
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<p>It can be important to document the abuse you are receiving online, especially if you feel there is a threat to your life. <strong>You should keep an evidence trail</strong> to show your colleagues, editors or the authorities. This information can also be presented to international organizations who assist journalists, and they may be able to help you with your case.</p>
<p><strong>Keep a spreadsheet with details of the harassment</strong>, including date, time and type of harassment. Include the medium through which the abuse happened, for example, direct message, and also note down the platform.</p>
<p><strong>Take screenshots of the abuse</strong>. Ensure that you include, where possible, the name or handle of the abuser, the date and time, and the full content of the abuse.</p>
<p>You may wish to <strong>ask someone to help you</strong> do this if the abuse is taking its toll on your mental health. For example, ask a colleague to monitor your social media accounts and enlist their help in taking screenshots of the abuse.</p>
<p>Learn more about documenting abuse in <em>Module 3</em> and in our external resources guide.</p>
<section style="border: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: #66cc99; padding: 1em;"><strong>Documenting an attack</strong>
<p><br />Before you start working on a story, <strong>think about the groups of people who could attack you</strong> online as a result of publishing a story. Take steps to secure your data and your accounts.</p>
<p>Other Totem courses, such as <a href="https://learn.totem-project.org/courses/course-v1:Totem+TP_SP_001+course/about" target="_blank">Secure Passwords</a> and <a href="https://learn.totem-project.org/courses/course-v1:Totem+TP_PM_001+course/about" target="_blank">Phishing Attacks</a>, can help you with this. Learn how to better protect your privacy in our course on Private and Public Personas (Coming soon).</p>
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<p>Test out your knowledge of online abusers by completing the exercise below. Not all answers are as easy as they look and some online abusers are not always easy to identify.</p>
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<div class="page-banner"><div class="alert alert-warning"><span class="icon icon-alert fa fa fa-warning" aria-hidden="true"></span><div class="message-content">To which category does each actor belong? is only accessible to enrolled learners. Sign in or register, and enroll in this course to view it.</div></div></div>
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<p>You have almost finished! <strong>You should now have a better understanding of who online harassers are</strong> and who is behind them.</p>
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<p style="text-align: center;"><img src="/assets/courseware/v1/fcc25f439663952afe8b50d731be9394/asset-v1:IWMF+IWMF_OH_EN+001+type@asset+block/actor-malevolent-happy.png" type="saveimage" target="[object Object]" width="35%" /></p>
<p>Let’s look now at the case of a Mexican journalist who was harassed and abused online because of her work.</p>
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